Understanding Amygdala Hijack: A Comprehensive Exploration
Understanding the brain’s basic anatomy is crucial to decipher amygdala hijack. The amygdala is the small part of a larger network in the brain called the limbic system. The limbic system is the part of the brain that controls emotional and behavioural responses, especially when dealing with survival behaviours, such as fight-or-flight reactions. The limbic system contains clusters of almond-shaped cells called amygdala. Simply put, the amygdala is a neural network that mediates many aspects of emotion and memory. It stores memories, controls emotions, and links memories to particular feelings.
As Resh Joseph, Clinical Director at Highlands Recovery, describes in his book “A beginner’s guide to trauma“: Based on the external situation, the amygdala initiates the fight-or-flight reaction independently, without a person’s conscious choice. For example, in case of any potential danger detected by the brain, the amygdala sends emergency signals to the body to fight for survival or run for safety. In this situation, the brain sends stress hormones in response to that signal.
Understanding the “amygdala hijack” concept highlights how the brain responds to perceived threats. American Psychologist Daniel Goleman theorised that sometimes the amygdala takes control, leading to an immediate and intense emotional reaction that can be disproportionate to the actual threat. This phenomenon is proposed as an amygdala hijack. This article looks into the mechanisms of amygdala hijack, its implications for mental health, and practical strategies for managing its effects.
What is an Amygdala Hijack?
When the brain perceives any threat, it triggers the amygdala to control the rational parts of the brain, such as the neocortex. The neocortex is a part of the cerebral cortex (outermost layer of nerve cell tissue) concerned with sight and hearing).
The brain sends signals to the body and allows quick reactions without analytical thinking. Such a mechanism is called the body’s reaction for survival. However, it can lead to inappropriate responses when the threat is misperceived. When the perceived threat is accurate, the body’s fight or flight response is favourable for survival. However, when the threat is not very high or real, and the body still responds to it without analytically judging it, the person might be experiencing Amygdala Hijack.
The Anatomy of the Amygdala
The amygdala is part of the limbic system, which is involved in emotional processing. This network of the brain plays a significant role in the formation of memories associated with emotional events. The amygdala detects threats and sends emergency signals to the body to activate its survival mechanisms. When the amygdala perceives danger or any threat, it activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that floods the body with stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol.
Adrenaline hormones are released by adrenal glands that prepare the body for stressful situations and activate the fight or flight response. Likewise, Cortisol hormones deal with stress and inflammatory responses. Realising these stress hormones prepares the body for a “fight or flight” response and alerts the body to use all possible resources to address the perceived threat.
How Does Amygdala Hijack Affect the body?
The process of amygdala hijack can be understood by looking at the given below mechanism:
- Perception of Threat: The amygdala receives sensory information and evaluates it for potential threats. This evaluation can happen within milliseconds.
- Activation of the Amygdala: If a threat is perceived, the amygdala activates, leading to a cascade of physiological responses. For example, if a person hears a loud, dangerous sound, the amygdala may cause a startle reflex.
- Suppression of Rational Thought: The amygdala suppresses the neocortex, which is the brain’s rational area. This suppression of the brain’s rational area prevents overthinking and ensures rapid action. It is why individuals often react impulsively during an amygdala hijack.
- Activation of the HPA Axis: During the Amygdala Hijack, the HPA axis is triggered, and this axis stress hormones, I.e., cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones cause increased heart rate and blood pressure, faster breathing and energy redirection from non-essential functions to muscles.
- Behavioural Response: The individual experiencing amygdala hijack and the rush of stress hormones further experiences a range of emotional responses, including fear, anger, or panic. In such a situation, the body unknowingly leads to actions that may not be appropriate for the situation. It happens because the perceived threat may not be rightly perceived and judged.
Threats to Brain
In our daily life, the amygdala detects many threatening situations. Amygdala reaction to the threat and body’s fight or flight response is crucial to the survival mechanism. The problem arises when the amygdala cannot differentiate between actual and perceived threats. When the amygdala remains on high alert even in non-threatening situations, the body can lead to an overactive response. This perpetual state of alertness can cause significant stress and anxiety as the body is continuously prepared for danger that isn’t present.
In some instances, even in ordinary interactions, a person may get into the state of an overactive response. For example, during a social interaction, a person may misinterpret another person’s neutral facial expression as hostile, triggering, and defensive. Likewise, sudden loud noises, such as a car horn, can provoke an exaggerated startle response, even if the noise source poses no real danger.
Consequences of Amygdala Hijack
As mentioned in the previous examples, when the amygdala hijacks the brain, the person may experience heightened fear and anxiety over trivial stimuli. The consequences of frequent amygdala hijacks can be deep-rooted and affect a person in many ways.
- Prolonged activation of the amygdala can lead to chronic stress. Chronic stress has numerous negative health implications. For instance, it further causes cardiovascular issues, weakened immune response, and mental health disorders.
- Individuals may find it challenging to regulate their emotions, which leads to outbursts of anger, anxiety, or sadness in response to minor provocations.
- As a result of amygdala hijack, the suppression of rational thought can result in poor decision-making, as individuals may act impulsively without considering the consequences.
- Heightened emotional responses can strain relationships, leading to social withdrawal and isolation.
The Conflict between Neocortex and Amygdala During Amygdala Hijack
The neocortex comprises the largest part of the cerebral cortex and makes up approximately half the volume of the human brain. It is responsible for rational thought and higher-order cognitive functions. During an amygdala hijack, the amygdala rules over the fight-or-flight response in a split second without giving any chance to the neocortex to rationalise the threat. Considering this, in the phase of an amygdala hijack, the neocortex struggles to function appropriately, often leaving individuals unable to rationalise their reactions until after the event. This can lead to confusion and the need to justify emotional responses with logical explanations.
The occurrence of cognitive dissonance as a consequence
Following an amygdala hijack, individuals may have cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance refers to the psychological phenomenon that occurs when a person experiences a conflict between their emotional reaction and their logical comprehension of a given scenario. This can result in an overpowering sense of guilt or shame, which in turn exacerbates stress and anxiety.
Body’s Normal Functioning Restoration and Recovery
After the perceived threat subsides, the amygdala ceases its activity, and only then does the HPA axis deactivate. Once the danger is resolved, blood circulation is restored to sections of the body that are not crucial to survival signals, allowing the body to relax and restore normal functioning.
Techniques for Recovery
Deep breathing exercises can stimulate the body’s relaxation response and counteract the physiological impacts of an amygdala hijack. Methods such as diaphragmatic breathing or the 4-7-8 technique can be especially beneficial. The 4-7-8 breathing technique involves the act of closing one’s lips and inhaling through the nose for four seconds. Subsequently, one should retain one’s breath for a duration of seven. Completely release air from the mouth, producing a whoosh sound for a duration of eight counts. This technique facilitates the relaxation of the body.
Engaging in mindfulness enables individuals to identify instances when they are undergoing an amygdala hijack—grounding strategies aid in calming the mind and increasing awareness of genuine emotions. Grounding strategies encompass utilising sensory engagement and maintaining a state of mindfulness in the current moment. These approaches can assist in stabilising the body’s response during an amygdala hijack.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can assist individuals in recognising and confronting faulty cognitive processes that contribute to amygdala hijacks. One might enhance one’s ability to react more logically to apparent dangers by reevaluating pessimistic beliefs.
Engaging in regular physical exercise can effectively diminish stress and anxiety levels, hence fostering holistic mental well-being.
Common Triggers for Amygdala Hijack
Recognising common triggers can help individuals manage their emotional responses more effectively. Common triggers could be any environmental cues, social situations and interaction outcomes, past traumas and their effects, stressful life events and bad experiences. For example, sudden loud noises, unexpected movements, or chaotic environments can provoke an amygdala hijack and are fine examples of environmental cues. Secondly, conflicts or confrontations in personal or professional settings may provoke an emotional response, such as feeling attacked during a discussion.
Memories associated with past traumatic events can activate the amygdala, leading to heightened emotional responses even in safe environments. Stressful Life Events Situations like job loss, relationship issues, or financial difficulties can create a constant state of stress, making the amygdala more reactive.
When individuals experience amygdala hijack, consciously recognising and understanding the situation might help them manage their reactions and improve emotional regulation. During an Amygdala hijack, it becomes extremely challenging to engage in rational thinking. However, practising mindfulness can maintain stability and discern between genuine and fake threats.
Conclusion
The amygdala functions as a potent survival mechanism. Nevertheless, when the amygdala misfires as a response to false threats improperly, it results in unnecessary stress and anxiety. When experiencing amygdala hijack, consciously acknowledging and comprehending the circumstance might assist individuals in controlling their responses and enhancing emotional regulation. Even though it becomes nearly impossible to work on rationality at the time of the Amygdala hijack, one can maintain stability and differentiate between the actual and false threat by practising mindfulness. By acquiring the ability to distinguish genuine threats from ones that are merely perceived, one can effectively regulate physiological reactions and sustain a level of emotional equilibrium.
The concept is highlighted in “A Beginner’s Guide To Trauma: Understanding the Toxic Effects of the Disorders of Extreme Stress” by Reshie Joseph, which highlights the significance of acknowledging and controlling the effects of trauma on emotional reactions. By employing effective tactics and cultivating mindfulness of our emotional stimuli, we can successfully navigate the intricacies of our emotional terrain and enhance our mental health.
Amidst the current period of difficulties and unpredictability, comprehending the inner workings of amygdala hijack enables us to regain authority over our emotional reactions, promoting resilience and improving our general well-being.
FAQ
What is an amygdala hijack, and how does it affect the brain?
Amygdala hijack is a situation wherein the amygdala, or the emotional part of the brain, outpaces the neocortex, or the so-called “thinking” part. This causes the emergence of a rash emotional response, disproportionate to the incident or real danger. Such a response gives rise to rash decisions and increased stress responses, affecting overall emotional regulation and decision-making.
How do CBT and mindfulness help in controlling amygdala hijack?
CBT empowers the individuals to recognise and question faulty thought patterns that lead to the amygdala hijack. The mindfulness techniques, like deep breathing and grounding strategies, make a person aware of their emotional states and keep them calm during an amygdala hijack to stabilise responses and enhance emotional regulation.
How does Highlands Recovery address the issues of amygdala hijack in their therapeutic approach?
Highlands Recovery addresses how one can manage his or her amygdala hijack by enacting the key elements into the treatment, which is holistic in nature. The therapeutic approaches for dealing with one’s issues regarding amygdala hijack incorporate holistic treatment that includes CBT to manage faulty cognitions, mindfulness to enhance emotional regulation, and other approaches that help an individual seek and handle his or her emotional reactions in a skillful manner. By integrating such techniques, Highlands Recovery supports clients in their struggle to find a better balance with their emotions and other aspects of well-being.
References
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Holland, K. (2023, March 16). Amygdala Hijack: When Emotion Takes Over. Healthline.
Joseph, R. (2022). A Beginners Guide to Trauma.
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What is the Neocortex? (2023, March 13). News-Medical.
Cuncic, A. (2024, March 25). Amygdala Hijack and the Fight or Flight Response. Verywell Mind.