Emotional regulation is a life skill, being the ability to manage and modulate emotional experiences and expressions in response to internal states or external events. Good emotional regulation isn’t about suppressing emotions, it’s about understanding, accepting and responding to them in a way that’s adaptive and beneficial for wellbeing. This article goes into emotional regulation, its neurobiology, practical tips to improve and its role in long term well being. How Behavioural Medicine fits into this process can help with long term outcomes.
Understanding Emotional Regulation: Definition and Core Components
Emotional regulation includes all the processes of identifying, evaluating and changing emotional responses. The key components of emotional regulation are:

- Situation Selection: Choosing to engage in or avoid situations to influence our emotional experiences Situation Modification: Changing a situation to change its emotional impact, such as modifying a social interaction to reduce potential conflict.
- Attentional Deployment: Directing our attention in a situation to influence our emotional response, using distraction or focusing on the positive to shift emotional valence.
- Cognitive Change: Reappraising a situation to change its emotional meaning, reframing events to elicit more adaptive emotional responses.
- Response Modulation: Directly influencing the physiological, experiential or-behavioural aspects of emotional responses, using techniques to manage the intensity and expression of emotions.
Understanding these components is key to developing targeted interventions and strategies to improve emotional regulation skills.
The Neurobiology of Emotional Regulation: Brain Regions and Neurotransmitters Involved
Emotional regulation is based on several key brain regions and neurotransmitter systems. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), particularly the ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC) and dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) is key for cognitive control and emotional regulation. The medial PFC and orbitofrontal cortex also contribute to emotional modulation (Ochsner & Gross, 2005). These areas control activity in subcortical regions like the amygdala which is central for processing emotional salience and emotional responding. The interplay between these areas allows for cognitive control of emotional impulses.
Neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline are also involved in emotional regulation. Serotonin for example is involved in mood regulation and reducing impulsivity, dopamine in reward processing and motivation. Imbalance in these neurotransmitter systems can contribute to difficulties in emotional regulation as seen in many psychiatric conditions. Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms gives us clues to potential targets for interventions. Also dopamine plays a role in motivation among other elements
The Impact of Trauma on Emotional Regulation

Trauma has a big impact on emotional regulation. People who have had traumatic experiences often struggle to regulate their emotions, leading to increased emotional reactivity, difficulty managing emotional intensity and difficulty labelling emotions. Trauma can disrupt the normal functioning of the brain regions involved in emotional regulation, particularly the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, leading to an overactive fear response and impaired cognitive control. Trauma focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Prolonged Exposure Therapy are some modalities for trauma recovery.
Also trauma can lead to the development of maladaptive coping mechanisms such as avoidance or emotional suppression which may give temporary relief but ultimately worsen emotional dysregulation in the long run. Addressing trauma through appropriate therapeutic interventions is key to get back to healthy emotional regulation and increase resilience.
Cognitive Reappraisal: A Powerful Technique for Modifying Emotional Responses
Cognitive reappraisal is a thought strategy that changes how you think about a situation to change its emotional impact. This involves reinterpreting what an event means to reduce the negative emotional charge. For example reframing a job loss as an opportunity to pursue a new career path can reduce disappointment and increase hope.
Research has shown cognitive reappraisal can reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions. Cognitive reappraisal is associated with decreased amygdala activity and increased prefrontal cortex activity, meaning it engages cognitive control mechanisms to modulate emotional responses.
Mindfulness and Somatic Awareness to Regulate Emotions
Mindfulness and somatic awareness practices can help regulate emotions by increasing awareness of the present moment, including bodily sensations, thoughts and emotions. Mindfulness is paying attention to your experiences without judgment, so you can observe your emotions without being overwhelmed by them.
Somatic awareness which is attending to bodily sensations can help you recognise early signs of emotional arousal and implement coping strategies before emotions get out of control. Mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to improve emotional regulation by increasing self-awareness, reducing emotional reactivity, and increasing acceptance of emotional experiences. This can be done through yoga, meditation, personal training, massage, sauna and ice baths.
Emotional Regulation Strategies: A Toolkit for Navigating Challenging Emotions
Here are some ways to regulate emotions:
- Relaxation Techniques: Deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery can reduce physiological arousal and calm you down.
- Problem Solving: Identify and address the root of the emotional issue and the emotions will come less and less often and be less intense.
- Social Support: Reach out to trusted friends, family or professionals for emotional validation and help managing difficult emotions.
- Self Soothing: Do things that comfort and relax you, like a warm bath, listening to music or spending time in nature.
- Emotional Expression: Express emotions in a constructive way, like journaling, creative arts or assertive communication.
- Lifestyle Changes: Incorporate healthy habits like exercise, balanced diet and enough sleep to improve emotional stability and resilience.
The Importance of Aftercare in Maintaining Emotional Equilibrium
Maintaining emotional balance is an ongoing process that takes effort and support. After intensive treatment, aftercare is key to consolidating gains and preventing relapse. Regular check-ins with professionals can give you ongoing support and guidance on managing emotional challenges and healthy coping mechanisms. Building a support network and self-care practices are also crucial for long-term emotional wellbeing. The recovery phase is fundamental for establishing new, healthy routines that reinforce newly formed neural pathways through repetition, strengthening synaptic connections that support the consolidation of new behaviours over time.
Building Long-Term Emotional Resilience: A Lifelong Journey
Emotional regulation is a lifelong journey that requires ongoing learning, self-reflection and adaptation. Building emotional resilience means developing a flexible and adaptive way of managing emotions, learning from past experiences and building self-efficacy. By integrating emotional regulation strategies into daily life you can increase your wellbeing, improve your relationships and navigate life’s challenges with more ease and resilience. This approach aligns with the principles of behavioural medicine that looks at the biological, psychological and social factors to promote long-term health and wellbeing.
Reviewed by: Dr. Emma Bardsley

Dr Emma Bardsley is a neuroscientist with a PhD from Oxford and a post doctorate from Auckland University, along with an undergraduate degree in Pharmacology from King’s College London. She has lectured extensively on neuroscience, physiology, and pharmacological interventions, bridging foundational research and its clinical applications. With a strong record of publications in high-impact journals and extensive experience in scientific writing, editing, and peer review, she excels at translating complex research into practical insights. Based in New Zealand and collaborating internationally, Emma is dedicated to advancing understanding and treatment in the fields of trauma, addiction, and recovery.
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