Understanding Resilience: A Multifaceted Definition
Resilience is so much more than just enduring difficulties. It’s a complex and dynamic process involving constructive adaptations to adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant stress. Stress can come from interpersonal challenges with family and relationships, severe health issues, work or financial challenges. Core components of resilience are being able to regulate your emotions, impulse control, maintain a sense of hope and perspective even in the tough times. Resilience isn’t a fixed trait but a skill that can be developed through experience and conscious choice.
The Neurobiological Basis of Resilience

Neuroscience is finally starting to uncover the biological mechanisms of resilience. Specific brain regions like the prefrontal cortex (executive functions and emotional regulation), the amygdala (emotional processing, especially fear) and the hippocampus (memory formation and context) are being found to play a big role. Neuroimaging techniques like fMRI have allowed researchers to see what happens in the brain of resilient people when they are stressed.
For example, research suggests that resilient people display enhanced activity in the prefrontal cortex, supporting top-down regulation over their amygdala-driven emotional responses . The hippocampus is also critical in contextualising stressful events so resilient people can learn from challenges without generalising negative experiences to other areas of life.
Research has also demonstrated the importance of specific genes and neurotransmitter systems in modulating the stress response that may contribute to an individual’s ability to feel resilient. Serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline are all neurotransmitters that affect mood, motivation and stress responses. Genetic variations that influence neurotransmitter systems may contribute to individual differences in stress vulnerability and resilience.
The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) in Shaping our Resilience
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), which includes the sympathetic (fight, flight, or freeze) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) branches, plays a big role in stress resilience—the body’s ability to regulate its physiological response to stress. The ANS controls heart rate, blood pressure, hormone release and other automatic functions that help the body respond to and recover from stressors.
A key indicator of stress resilience is heart rate variability (HRV)—the time between beats. Higher HRV means a more flexible and adaptive ANS and a stronger parasympathetic nervous system to counterbalance sympathetic activation. This means better recovery from stress and more physiological stability.
Stress resilience contributes to mental resilience, but they are not the same thing. Mental resilience includes a wider range of psychological factors, including emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility, optimism and coping strategies. While a well-regulated ANS can support mental resilience by reducing chronic stress and enhancing emotional regulation, mental resilience also depends on cognitive and behavioural skills beyond physiological responses.
Practices like mindfulness and controlled breathing can improve both stress and mental resilience by getting the ANS into a more balanced state and increasing awareness and control over emotional responses. Porges’ (2011) Polyvagal Theory goes further to explain how ANS regulation is linked to social-emotional functioning and how resilience is not just about managing stress responses but also navigating social interactions and emotional experiences.
Cognitive Appraisal and Resilience

How we interpret and rate stressful events makes a big difference to our resilience. Cognitive appraisal is evaluating the situation to decide if it’s a threat or a challenge. Resilient people see stressors as challenges to be overcome rather than impossible barriers. This mindset lets them approach stressful situations with optimism and a problem solving approach. Cognitive reframing techniques where we deliberately change negative thought patterns can help increase resilience by cultivating a more positive and adaptable cognitive appraisal. For example instead of catastrophising a workplace setback, a resilient person might reframe it as an opportunity to learn and grow.
The Impact of Trauma on Resilience
Traumatic experiences can really mess with resilience by disrupting the functioning of the brain and ANS. Trauma can lead to chronic stress response dysregulation making us more prone to anxiety, depression and other mental health issues. Traumatic memories may be encoded in the brain in ways that lead to intrusive thoughts, flashbacks and nightmares that disrupt emotional regulation, However, trauma-informed approaches can help us process traumatic memories and rebuild resilience.
Therapeutic Modalities for Enhancing Resilience
There are several evidence based therapist modalities that can help build resilience. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) helps us identify and change maladaptive thought patterns and behaviours that sabotage resilience. By challenging negative thought patterns and developing more adaptive coping strategies we can learn to manage stress better and build self efficacy. Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE) is another treatment that helps us confront and process traumatic memories and reduce trauma related distress. EMDR is a therapy that processes traumatic memories through bilateral stimulation and helps with emotional regulation and reduces distress. The modality should be chosen based on the individual’s unique needs and circumstances and guided by a qualified therapist.
Lifestyle Factors Influencing Resilience

Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise and sleep are key to building and maintaining resilience. Exercise reduces stress and improves mood by boosting endorphins and other neurochemicals. A healthy diet provides the nutrients for optimal brain function and sleep allows the brain to consolidate memories and regulate emotions. Prioritising these lifestyle factors will make a big difference to resilience. For example, research shows that regular exercise can increase the size of the hippocampus which improves memory and reduces the risk of depression.
Social Support as a Cornerstone of Resilience

Social support is a protective factor in resilience. Strong social connections give us a sense of belonging, security and emotional support which buffers the impact of stress. Research shows that people with strong social networks are more resilient to adversity. Building meaningful relationships and seeking support from others will make a big difference to resilience. Social support can take many forms, emotional support, informational support and practical help. Having people to turn to in times of need makes all the difference to our ability to cope with stress and life’s challenges.
Cultivating Resilience: A Lifelong Journey
Building resilience is a lifelong journey of developing coping skills, building positive relationships and self-care. By understanding the neurobiological and psychological underpinnings of resilience you can proactively bounce back from adversity and thrive in the face of life’s challenges. This journey involves actively seeking opportunities for personal growth, learning from setbacks and finding purpose and meaning in life.
Highlands Recovery, located near Sydney in Australia, is an Institute of Behavioural Medicine. The centre uses the principles of behavioural medicine to treat substance use disorders, trauma and stress-elated disorders through a holistic residential program. They understand that health and wellbeing comes from a healthy body, mind and environment. Their integrated services align with the concept of resilience as a dynamic process influenced by many factors.
Reviewed by: Dr. Emma Bardsley

Dr Emma Bardsley is a neuroscientist with a PhD from Oxford and a post doctorate from Auckland University, along with an undergraduate degree in Pharmacology from King’s College London. She has lectured extensively on neuroscience, physiology, and pharmacological interventions, bridging foundational research and its clinical applications. With a strong record of publications in high-impact journals and extensive experience in scientific writing, editing, and peer review, she excels at translating complex research into practical insights. Based in New Zealand and collaborating internationally, Emma is dedicated to advancing understanding and treatment in the fields of trauma, addiction, and recovery.
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