Defining Self-Regulation: A Biopsychosocial Perspective
Self-regulation is the ability to control your thoughts, emotions and behaviors to achieve your goals or adapt to situations and stay composed in response to stress. It’s a complex mix of cognitive, emotional and motivational processes. From a biopsychosocial perspective, self-regulation is influenced by biological factors (genetics and neurochemistry), psychological factors (cognitive appraisals and coping strategies) and social factors (cultural norms and social support).
Self-regulation isn’t about suppressing impulses or using willpower; it’s about monitoring, evaluating and modifying your responses to match your values and goals. It’s key to academic success, social competence and overall psychological health. Deficits in self-regulation have been linked to a range of psychological disorders including ADHD, substance use disorders and borderline personality disorder.
The Neurobiology of Self-Regulation: Brain Structures and Neural Pathways

Self-regulation is rooted in a network of brain regions including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala and striatum. The PFC, particularly the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC),ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) is responsible for executive functions such as planning, decision making and working memory which are the foundation of self-regulation. The ACC is involved in monitoring conflicts and errors and regulating emotional responses. The amygdala processes emotional information particularly fear and threat and its activity can impact self-regulation. The striatum is part of the brain’s reward system and is involved in motivation and goal directed behaviour.
The neural pathways connecting these regions such as the fronto-striatal circuits and cortical-limbic pathways are critical for self-regulation. These pathways allow communication between the control centers and emotional processing areas so individuals can modulate their response to emotional stimuli and engage in goal directed behaviour. Disruptions in these pathways have been linked to self-regulation deficits in various psychiatric conditions.
The Role of Dopamine: Understanding Reward Pathways and Self-Regulation
Dopamine, the reward, motivation and reinforcement learning neurotransmitter, is key to self-regulation. The mesolimbic dopamine pathway involves a network of connectivity between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is part of the brain’s reward system and is what drives us towards pleasure-seeking behaviourBut dopamine’s role in self-regulation is more than just pleasure. Research shows dopamine is also involved in anticipating rewards and predicting outcomes, particularly in addiction where dopamine release can occur before the substance is consumed or prior to the behaviour occurring This anticipatory dopamine release can influence decision-making and goal-directed behaviour and guides us towards the actions that will lead to the outcome we want. Dysregulation of dopaminergic neural systems is implicated in compulsive behaviour and addiction. Establishing balanced dopaminergic signalling through consistent sleep, physical activity and stress reduction, and to self-regulation.
Self-Regulation and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Managing Anxiety and Triggers
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, breathing and digestion, and is key to self-regulation especially when it comes to anxiety and triggers. The ANS has two branches: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) which is the “fight,flight or freeze” response to stress and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) which underpins relaxation and recovery.

When we are in stressful or triggering situations the SNS is triggered and we get increased heart rate, rapid breathing and heightened arousal. These physiological responses can disrupt self-regulation when stress is intense or ongoing, by impairing cognitive function and increasing impulsivity. The PNS promotes relaxation and reduces arousal and thus facilitates self-regulation by calming the body and mind. People with strong self-regulation skills can modulate their ANS responses and manage anxiety and triggers better.
Trauma’s Impact on Self-Regulation: Decoupling Stimulus and Response
Traumatic experiences can have a huge impact on self-regulation, particularly by disrupting the normal link between stimulus and response. Trauma exposure can heighten an individual’s sensitivity to threat, increase reactivity to stress, and impair cognitive control that disrupts self-regulation.
During trauma reprocessing, guided therapy sessions can help clients “de-couple” the stimulus response mechanism where certain triggers create an overactive ANS response. The ultimate goal is that the traditional triggers won’t trigger an out of control ANS response.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Self-Regulation: Techniques for Behavioural Change
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based therapy that has been shown to be effective for self-regulation. CBT is about identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts, feelings and behaviours that contribute to psychological distress. CBT techniques such as cognitive restructuring, behavioural activation and exposure therapy can help individuals become more self aware, challenge negative thinking patterns and learn new coping skills.
By learning to regulate their thoughts, emotions and behaviour, individuals can manage stress, cope with challenges, and start working towards their goals. CBT has been used to treat a wide range of disorders where self-regulation is deficient including anxiety disorders, depression and addiction.
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Self-Regulation: Reprocessing Traumatic Memories

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a type of therapy to help reduce the distress associated with traumatic memories. EMDR involves bilateral stimulation (e.g. eye movements, tapping) while the client focuses on a traumatic memory so the memory can be reprocessedBy reprocessing traumatic memories EMDR can help individuals develop a more adaptive understanding of their experiences and reduce the emotional reactivity to trauma triggers. This can lead to improved self-regulation as individuals better manage their emotions and behaviours in response to trauma-associated triggers.
Prolonged Exposure Therapy and Self-Regulation: Reducing Avoidance Behaviours
Prolonged Exposure Therapy is a type of behaviour therapy used to treat anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It involves gradually exposing the individual to the trauma-related stimuli or situations they have been avoiding. By facing the feared stimuli in a safe and controlled environment individuals can learn to reduce their anxiety and feel more in control of their fears.
Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE) can also increase self-regulation by reducing avoidance behaviours and increasing the individuals ability to tolerate distress. As individuals become more comfortable facing their fears they build more confidence in their ability to cope with challenging situations and therefore more self-regulation.
Cultivating Long-Term Self-Regulation: Integration and Consolidation Strategies
Long term self-regulation requires persistence and commitment to integrating and consolidating new skills and strategies into daily life. This means practicing self-regulation techniques regularly, getting social support and living a healthy lifestyle. Developing self-compassion and resilience is essential, as setbacks and challenges are a natural and expected part of the self-improvement journey.
By learning to apply and implement healthy tools for self-care and creating a supportive environment individuals can learn to improve their ability to self-regulate, leading to improved mental health, more life satisfaction and overall wellbeing.
Highlands Recovery is located near Sydney in Australia and is an Institute of Behavioural Medicine. We have a multidisciplinary team to address substance use disorders, trauma and stress related conditions. We have a full 4-phase recovery program in an inpatient setting. The ultimate goal in Behavioural Medicine is to build self-directed health.
Reviewed by: Dr. Emma Bardsley

Dr Emma Bardsley is a neuroscientist with a PhD from Oxford and a post doctorate from Auckland University, along with an undergraduate degree in Pharmacology from King’s College London. She has lectured extensively on neuroscience, physiology, and pharmacological interventions, bridging foundational research and its clinical applications. With a strong record of publications in high-impact journals and extensive experience in scientific writing, editing, and peer review, she excels at translating complex research into practical insights. Based in New Zealand and collaborating internationally, Emma is dedicated to advancing understanding and treatment in the fields of trauma, addiction, and recovery.
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